Legal Responses to Covid-19 Around the World (English Edition)
During the first months of the coronavirus pandemic, March and April of 2020, we, as a law professor, a judge, and a lawyer in Brazil, were studying the new measures and laws passed to deal with the economic effects of the crisis. In the meanwhile, we met online during a discussion about these measures. Since then, we bounded based on our eagerness to learn about what was happening in Brazil and around the world. In order to understand better what we would face and to have ideas on prospective measures, we tried to do a research about what have been done in previous pandemics, such as the Spanish Flu. We found that little has been written and documented about unemployment, government protections, or other measures in that pandemic. Of course, there was no Internet at that time; however, we could not even find articles in print. Because of the lack of information about the economic effects of previous pandemics, we decided to collect papers from all around the world to leave a legacy to future generations about the distinctive times we are facing now. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, businesses, schools, courts, just about everything else had to shut down for a while. The effects on the economy, employment, contracts, business in general, and people’s income are devastating and may last years. This book has the purpose to register the major discussions, in different countries, about those effects, as well as how governments, courts, conflict resolution and legal communities responded to them. During the months we have been collecting information and reaching people from all the six continents represented in this book, we have learned not only about COVID-19, but also about different cultures, different systems and different perspectives. We also made new friends and re-connected with old ones. Ultimately, it is a book about a situation that joins us all: the need to survive in a time of crisis. We hope we reached our goal of allowing current and future generations to find, in one place, information about the COVID-19 pandemic and its legal implications around the world.
Enjoy the journey!
Brazil – August, 2020. Cláudio Jannotti da Rocha, Flávia Fragale Martins Pepino and Rafael Lara Martins
Cláudio Jannotti da Rocha
Flávia Fragale Martins Pepino
Rafael Lara Martins
CONTENTS AFRICA Egypt
1. COVID-19 AND STATE OF EMERGENCY IN THE MENA REGION: EGYPT AS A CASE STUDY Maged M. Shebaita Morocco
2. CORONAVIRUS IN MOROCCO: LOCKDOWN PAIN, SOCIAL COHESION AND ECONOMIC IMPACT Mohamed Chtatou Nigeria
3. NIGERIA’S LEGAL, REGULATORY AND FISCAL RESPONSES TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC Oluwatoyin Aiyepola
4. LEGAL RESPONSES TO THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC IN NIGERIA Oluwaseyi Bioku South Africa
5. SOUTH AFRICA’S REACTION TO COVID-19 Brian Chihera
6. THE ECONOMY AND COVID-19: SOUTH AFRICA’S LEGAL RESPONSE TO THE CORONAVIRUS Lumba Ndhlovu
7. COMPETITION LAW IN A STATE OF NATIONAL DISASTER: THE CASE OF SOUTH AFRICA’S PRICE GOUGING PROVISIONS Tinashe Kondo and Brian Chihera
8. SOUTH AFRICA’S LEGAL APPROACH TO COVID-19 Nathan-Ross Adams and Lisa Emma-Iwuoha Tanzania
9. CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19) PANDEMIC RESPONSE IN TANZANIA Elisabeth J. Kaganda ASIA China
10. EMPLOYMENT MEASURES RESPONDING TO COVID-19 IN CHINA Xiaohui Ban India
11. COVID-19 SITUATION IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY ON CHALLENGES AND MEASURES Bhumesh Verma Indonesia
12. INDONESIAN ECONOMIC AND TOURISM POLICY IN ADDRESSING THE IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL PANDEMIC Ni Putu Tirka Widanti and I Made Budi Arsika Israel
13. ISRAEL’S RESPONSE TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: TAILORING MEASURES FOR VULNERABLE CULTURAL MINORITY POPULATIONS
Ruth Waitzberg; Nadav Davidovitch; Gideon Leibner; Nadav Penn; Shuli Brammli-Greenberg
14. CORONAVIRUS AND LABOUR LAW IN ISRAEL Moran Friedman Japan
15. COVID-19 CONTROL MEASURES IN JAPAN AND THE IMPACT ON EMPLOYMENT Qi, Zhong Russia
16. COVID-19 AND LABOUR LAW: RUSSIAN FEDERATION Iuliia Ostrovskaia Saudi Arabia
17. SAUDI ARABIAN LABOR LAW AMENDED TO COVER COVID-19 Jean Abboud South Corea
18. THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA’S POLICY RESPONSE TO THE COVID-19 EPIDEMIC IN THE FIELD OF EMPLOYMENT AND LABOUR RELATIONS June Namgoong AUSTRALIA/OCEANIA Australia
19. PROCEDURAL LAW IN A TIME OF PANDEMIC: AUSTRALIAN COURTS’ RESPONSE TO COVID-19 S.I. Strong
20. DECARCERATION: LEGAL CLAIMS IN THE PANDEMIC IN AUSTRALIA Louise Boon-Kuo New Zealand
21. THE LEGAL RESPONSE TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND ITS IMPACT ON WORKING PEOPLE IN NEW ZEALAND Dawn Duncan EUROPE Austria
22. COVID-19 AND LABOUR LAW: AUSTRIA Martin Risak Belgium
23. COVID-19 AND LABOUR LAW: BELGIUM Alexander De Becker Czech Republic
24. LEGAL RESPONSES TO THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC: CASE OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC Kristina Koldinská Denmark
25. COVID-19 AND LABOUR LAW: DENMARK Mette Soested and Natalie Videbaek Munkholm France
26. COVID-19 AND LABOUR LAW: FRANCE Nicolas Moizard Germany
27. COVID-19 AND LABOUR LAW: GERMANY Rüdiger Krause and Jonas Walter Kühn Greece
28. GREEK LABOUR LAW RESPONSES TO CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC Ioannis Skandalis
29. COVID-19 AND LABOUR LAW: GREECE Effrosyni Bakirtzi Hungary
30. COVID-19 AND LABOUR LAW: HUNGARY Tamás Gyulavári Iceland
31. COVID-19 AND LABOUR LAW: ICELAND Elín Blöndal Ireland
32. COVID-19 AND LABOUR LAW: IRELAND David Mangan Italy
33. THE ITALIAN RESPONSE TO COVID-19 CRISIS FROM A LABOUR LAW PERSPECTIVE Emanuele Menegatti Netherlands
34. COVID-19 AND LABOUR LAW: THE NETHERLANDS Hanneke Bennaars and Beryl ter Haar Norway
35. HOW THE PANDEMIC CAN STRENGTHEN THE RULE OF LAW Hans Petter Graver Poland
36. KEY REGULATIONS OF POLISH LABOR LAW RELEVANT TO THE COVID-19 SHUTDOWN Marta Zbucka Portugal
37. COVID-19 AND LABOUR LAW: PORTUGAL David Carvalho Martins Romania
38. OVERVIEW AND PERSPECTIVES OF LABOR LAW AGAINST THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC (COVID-19): ROMANIA Dan Ţop
39. THE NEED TO INCLUDE CORONAVIRUS COVID-19 INFECTION IN THE CATEGORY OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE Dan Ţop Spain
40. LAS MEDIDAS TRIBUTARIAS ADOPTADAS POR REAL DECRETO-LEY DURANTE EL COVID-19 Y SU CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Fernando Hernández Guijarro
41. MEDIDAS PARA PALIAR LOS EFECTOS ADVERSOS DEL COVID-19 EN LOS ARRENDAMIENTOS DE VIVENDA HABITUAL: ANÁLISIS DEL REAL DECRETO-LEY 11/2020, DE 31 DE MARZO Pedro Chaparro Matamoros Switzerland
42. COVID-19 AND LABOUR LAW: SWITZERLAND Kurt Pärli United Kingdom
43. COVID-19 AND LABOUR LAW: UNITED KINGDOM Tonia Novitz NORTH AMERICA Canada
44. CANADA’S ECONOMIC AND LEGAL RESPONSES TO CORONAVIRUS Priscila Otoni Andrade de Paula
45. LEGAL RESPONSES OF CANADA TO THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC: A CLOSER LOOK AT QUEBEC Ya GAO Costa Rica
46. LA RESPUESTA NORMATIVA COSTARRICENSE EN MATERIA SOCIOECONÓMICA DURANTE LA PANDEMIA DE LA COVID-19 Gabriel Espinoza Carro Cuba
47. CUBA: MEDIDAS ADOPTADAS PARA ENFRENTAR LA PANDEMIA DEL CORONAVIRUS Guillermo Ferriol Molina Mexico
48. EFECTOS DEL CORONAVIRUS EN LAS RELACIONES LABORES EN AMÉRICA LATINA Dr. Leobardo López Morales Panama
49. EFECTO DEL CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) EN LAS RELACIONES LABORALES EN PANAMÁ Walker Joseph Sizemore Lauchú United States of America
50. THE NEW NORMAL OF LAW AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN THE US John Lande
51. OBSERVATIONS ON THE 2020 COVID-19 PANDEMIC FROM A CIRCUIT JUDGE IN CENTRAL MISSOURI, U.S.A. Jeff Harris
52. COVID-19 AND LABOUR LAW: U.S. Richard Bales and Christopher Elko SOUTH AMERICA Argentina
53. EFECTOS DEL COVID-19 EN LAS RELACIONES LABORALES EN ARGENTINA Rodrigo Méndez Filleul and Eleonora Peliza
54. FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL PODER JUDICIAL EN ARGENTINA DURANTE LA PANDEMIA. PRINCIPIOS Y DERECHO PROCESAL ELECTRÓNICO Fabiola María Livia Bogado Ibarra and Eduardo Elías Flores Bolivia
55. LOS PRESUPUESTOS DE LA RESOLUCIÓN DEL CONTRATO POR IMPOSIBILIDAD SOBREVENIDA, EN RELACIÓN CON LA ACTUAL PANDEMIA POR COVID-19 EN BOLIVIA Gerardo Ruiz Castellanos Brazil
56. BRAZILIAN EMERGENCY EMPLOYMENT LAWS IN THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC Cláudio Jannotti da Rocha, Flávia Fragale Martins Pepino and Rafael Lara Martins
57. PRIVATE LAW IN BRAZIL: DISCUSSIONS DURING THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC Fernanda Tartuce and Simone Tassinari Cardoso Fleischmann
58. O PODER JUDICIÁRIO BRASILEIRO, SAÚDE E COVID-19 (BRAZILIAN JUDICIARY, HEALTH AND COVID-19) Luciana Carone Nucci Eugenio Mahuad Chile
59. RESPUESTA LEGAL AL CORONAVIRUS: LEY DE TRABAJO A LA DISTANCIA Y TELETRABAJO Y LEY DE PROTECCIÓN AL EMPLEO – CASO CHILE Carolina Ribeiro de Sousa Pinheiro
60. EFEITOS DA PANDEMIA NO CHILE (PANDEMIC EFFECTS IN CHILE) Selma Nunes
61. EFECTOS DEL CORONAVIRUS EN LAS RELACIONES LABORALES EN CHILE Hector Humeres Noguer Colombia
62. COVID-19, INFORMALIDAD Y MUJERES Juan Pablo López Moreno and Juliana Morad Acero
63. EFECTOS DEL COVID-19 EN LAS RELACIONES LABORALES EN AMÉRICA LATINA: COLOMBIA Martha Elisa Monsalve Cuéllar Ecuador
64. EL MARCO REGULATORIO PARA LA REACTIVACIÓN PRODUCTIVA EN ECUADOR EN EL CONTEXTO DE LA PANDEMIA POR NUEVO CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) María Elena Jara Vásquez Paraguay
65. CÓMO EL COVID-19 CAMBIÓ LAS RELACIONES LABORALES Y LAS PERSPECTIVAS JURÍDICAS EN ESTE 2020? Verónica Recalde Peru
66. LA LEGISLACIÓN LABORAL EN EL ESCENARIO DEL COVID-19 Luis Serrano Diaz Uruguay
67. EL NUEVO ESCENARIO DE LAS RELACIONES LABORALES EN URUGUAY: LOS EFECTOS DE LA PANDEMIA María del Luján Charrutti Garcén Venezuela
68. NECESSARY LEGISLATIVE AND GOVERNMENT MEASURES IN VENEZUELA TO RECOVER ITS OIL INDUSTRY FOR THE PURPOSE OF HANDLING A LONG DUE ECONOMIC RECESSION IN THE MIDDLE OF THE COVID-19 WORLDWIDE CRISIS Simon Herrera Celis
69. EFECTOS DEL CORONAVIRUS EN LAS RELACIONES LABORALES DE VENEZUELA Gustavo Saturno Troccoli
70. VENEZUELA AND THE STATE OF ALARM DUE TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO) PERSPECTIVE - APRIL, 2020 José Alberto Ramírez León
71. EL COVID-19. QUÉ NOS DICE LA OIT? Jean-Michel Servais